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Vorträge im Institutsseminar 2009
Andreas Schwarz "Adaptive Redundancy Reduction in Multi-Channel Radar Systems"
Dienstag, 24. November 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
The topic of this presentation is a new approach to on-board signal processing for SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) systems with multiple elevation channels. Multi-channel satellite SAR systems have been proposed to meet the rising demands for increased resolutions and larger imaged areas. A problem with the practical realization of these systems is the high data rate necessary for transmission of the multi-channel data to the ground. Existing approaches for data reduction are based on digital beamforming (SCORE, Scan On Receive) and a following scalar quantization (BAQ, Block Adaptive Quantization). In this thesis, a more general, information theory-based approach called redundancy reduction is investigated, with the aim of preserving more information and allowing more flexible post-processing. Transform coding is proposed as a practical implementation of redundancy reduction, and simulation results are presented.
Anna Fontana "On the Performance of Multibaseline SAR Interferometry for vertical Structure Estimation by Means of PCT"
Freitag, 20. November 2009
13.30 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
In this presentation a radar-imaging technique, called Polarization Coherence Tomography (PCT) to estimate forest vertical profile is discussed. A priori knowledge of the height and the surface topography, which can be obtained from Polarimetric SAR Interferometry inversion, is required. By using Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (TLiDAR) data as reference function, the performance analysis of multibaseline SAR Interferometry for the retrieval of vertical profile by means of PCT is provided. In this model, the evaluation of the coefficients in order to estimate the structure function is related to an inversion matrix problem. The stability of the solution depends on the condition number of this matrix. How changes the accuracy of the reconstructed profile in presence of several distortions, as the stochastic nature of phase and amplitude volume coherence, is described. Thus decorrelation sources can lead inaccurate Pol-InSAR estimation of forest height and/or ground phase. In this work we discuss the relation between the conditioning of coherence tomography and the vertical wavenumber with the result provided from PCT model in presence of decorrelation factor, fluctuations due to a random modeling of phase and amplitude coherence, height and DEM error. A possible upper bound of coefficients error in order to have a reasonable retrieval profile is given. In conclusion we show the effect on the vertical function of several errors arrangements.
Fritz Jochim "Über Ein-Weg-Doppler Beobachtungen von Raumflugkörpern und Himmelskörpern"
Dienstag, 10. November 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
The orbital velocity of a spacecraft and other celestial objects is monitored by observing the Doppler frequency shift of the signals received at the ground station. This is possible one-way in case the transmitted frequency is stable enough. In most spacecraft a calibrated transponder allows two-way Doppler frequency registrations. In general, the factor 2 is expected as the quotient between two-and one-way frequencies. However, this is no longer the case when the motion of the observed object deviates from the orbit as predicted. Frequency differences appear. Porsche (1999) has published a formula to describe these differences based on the assumption of a double projection of the true velocity vector.
In the present paper a more sophisticated analysis of the influence of state errors on the tracking results is deduced. This theory has been tested by the Doppler measurements during flybys of the comet space probe GIOTTO penetrating through the comae of the comets P/Halley and P/Grigg-Skjellerup. One-way Doppler measurements of the low Earth satellites CHAMP and TERRASAR-X show a tendency for the applicability of this approach. Finally, some consequences for the observation of other celestial objects are discussed.
Daniela Esposito "Characterization of Background Ionosphere and its Impact on low-frequency SAR Images"
Montag, 09. November 2009
11:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
The uppermost part of the atmosphere is a ionized gas, a plasma, called Ionosphere, with a certain proportion of free electrons. Presence of free electrons makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds to electromagnetic field and it effects the radio wave propagation. Ionospheric propagation effects have a significant impact on the signal properties of SAR observations, especially at low operation frequencies. Dispersion, group delay, Faraday rotation, and phase shifts are all function of the so-called total electron content (TEC), the operating frequency and the system bandwidth. In this presentation the background ionosphere (non-turbulent ionosphere) and its impact on SAR images are discussed and characterized. Using TEC maps obtained from GPS measurements, the daily, seasonal and inter-annual periodicity of the ionosphere are shown and discussed. What this mean in terms of Faraday Rotation and phase distortions is evaluated. Then, the estimation of Faraday Rotation, provided by the Freeman and the Bickel and Bates methods, for quad-pol data is discussed. Validations against the GPS derived maps are provided, in order to compare and validate the performances of the estimation algorithms on ten ALOS-PALSAR acquisitions of the city of Munich.
Anton Patyuchenko "Active Radar System for Space Debris Detection"
Dienstag, 27. Oktober 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Space debris also known as orbital space junk created by human is a many-sided problem which is becoming more and more critical nowadays. Detection of space debris, up to date catalogue maintenance, protection of the operational spacecrafts, and the mitigation and remediation issues are the main activities of concern urging scientists, engineers and governmental representatives to use all their professional skills to answer a multitude of arising questions.
The 5th European Conference on Space Debris conducted this year in Darmstadt attracted particular attention of public and mass media in the light of the preceding series of events. In January 2007 the Chinese Feng Yun-1C engagement alone increased the trackable space object population by 25 %; in February 2009 a US Iridium and a Russian Cosmos satellite collided at 789 km above Siberia – this was the first collision in space between two intact objects which formed several tens of thousands of pieces larger than 1 cm, exposing ENVISAT and ERS-2 to a significantly elevated risk which will last for decades.
Lately the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is considering an activity dedicated to the space debris detection. The studies conducted at the HR institute are considering different configurations of an active radar system for space debris detection and their corresponding performance. The systems could use existing reflector antennas located at the DLR Ground Segment site in Weilheim. The seminar topic gives an overview of the space debris issue and particularly discusses the HR activities for space debris detection.
Matteo Nannini "Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography: Processing Algorithms and Constellation Design"
Dienstag, 20. Oktober 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Synthetic aperture radar tomography (SARTom) allows a 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of an observed scene. A tomographic aperture is synthesized in the direction perpendicular to the flight path by collecting the data related to several passes over the scene of interest. The tomographic processing allows one to obtain information in the height direction by means of a vertical resolution.
In this presentation the main contributions of the work carried out at the Microwaves and Radar Institute of the DLR in the frame of SARTom will be presented.
These contributions can be divided into three parts.
The first concerns advancements on tomographic SAR processing. In particular a new height dependent motion compensation and coregistration technique for SARTom is proposed.
The second contribution of this thesis consists of the experimental validation of the proposed techniques with two airborne data sets, acquired in 1998 and 2006 by the E-SAR system of DLR. In particular, the first tomographic reconstruction of targets hidden beneath vegetation is presented allowing the estimation of their height.
The advantages of SARTom are counterbalanced by the effort in acquiring a sufficient number of passes over the area of interest. In the third part of this work, dedicated investigations lead to a new methodology to estimate the minimum number of required tracks to perform SARTom.
Michele Martone "Modified Scattering Decomposition for Soil Moisture Estimation from Polarimetric X-Band Data"
Montag, 05. Oktober 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Soil moisture content represents a key observable in order to model, describe and predict many ecological processes. In the last decades, theoretical and empirical inversion algorithms for soil moisture estimation using PolSAR data at L- and P-band have been intensively investigated, and, meanwhile, there exist some innovative techniques for the quantitative retrieval of dielectric constant of the soil. In this project work, the potential of estimating soil moisture from fully polarimetric X-band SAR data is investigated for the first time. The acquisition were made by the German satellite TerraSAR-X over the agricultural area of Wallerfing (Lower Bavaria) in April/May 2009. Due to the short wavelength, the Physical Optics model has been chosen for representation of the scattering process and a model-based three component decomposition approach has been followed to exploit the polarimetric observable space. In order to improve the retrieval of the moisture content, the developed polarimetric decomposition has been further modified by means of an eigen-analysis of the coherency matrix and corrections of the volume scattering were done. A validation of the proposed approaches for a quality assessment has been performed by comparing the estimated moisture values with in situ measurements collected in collaboration with the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München.
Paco López-Dekker "From Radio Acoustic Sounding to Bistatic SAR"
Freitag, 08. August 2009
10:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Dr.-Ing. Paco López-Dekker will provide an overview of his career in Radar Remote Sensing Research. The talk will start with a brief discussion of the development, at the University of Massachusetts, of a digital beam-forming volumetric imaging radar for atmospheric research, with an emphasis on the combination of this radar with an acoustic source implementing a Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS). RASS are used to remotely measure the speed of sound, from which the virtual potential temperature of the atmosphere can be derived. The second part of the talk will concentrate on his work, at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, on bistatic SAR systems that use existing SAR missions as sources of opportunity. An overview of the architecture of the systems and the development strategy will be given along with some experimental interferometric results. Also, new research directions in BiSAR will be briefly discussed.
Felipe de Almeida "Multi-Channel Azimuth Processing in SAR-Airborne Measured Data Demonstration and Analysis"
Freitag, 24. Juli 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a well-proven imaging technique for remote sensing. However, conventional SAR systems are not capable to fulfil the increasing demands for both improved spatial resolution and wider swath coverage. This inherent limitation can be overcome by multi-channel SAR systems, which gather additional information along the synthetic aperture, thus enabling high-resolution wide-swath imaging. In this context an innovative algorithm, namely the Multi-Channel Reconstruction Algorithm, was introduced, which allows for the processing of multi-channel data in azimuth.
The presented work demonstrates the potential of this algorithm by its application to airborne measured multi-channel SAR X-band data, which were acquired by DLR’s F-SAR system. In a proof-of-principle, the combination of up to 4 different channels is presented. In this context, the impact of different channel balancing methods on the system performance will be evaluated. Furthermore, a performance analysis of the algorithm will be presented, especially with regard to its capability of suppressing azimuth ambiguities. Finally, the validity of the analytic prediction will be verified with the measured data.
Andrea Scappini "DESIGN OF AN X-BAND SHUNT SLOTTED WAVEGUIDE ANTENNA"
Dienstag, 7. Juli 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
For its operation in X-band, the new F-SAR instrument needs antennas which fulfill performance requirements such as high gain, high efficiency, large bandwidth and dual polarization. The slotted waveguide array is a good candidate.
To achieve the multi-polarization of the whole array, two different kinds of antennas have been studied. A longitudinal shunt slot design, embedded in a ridge waveguide, has been taken in consideration for the vertical polarization, whereas, for the horizontal polarization, the slots are cut in the narrow face of the guide and tiny metallic pins are inserted into the guide to allow the slot radiation.
In this work, the study of the entire system has been approached. Subsequently, the development of an algorithm to find the optimum length and displacement of the slots for the vertical polarization has been implemented and, then, a longitudinal shunt slot waveguide antenna with a bandwidth of 600 MHz has been designed and simulated. Finally, the same antenna has been built and its performance measured and compared with the simulation results.
Prabu Dheenathayalan "TanDEM-X Data Processing: Geometrical Analysis of Bistatic Configurations"
Dienstag, 23. Juni 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
In the framework of the development of a HR-internal experimental processor of TanDEM-X, this Master Thesis has been oriented to the implementation of essential tools to help in the geometrical analysis of TanDEM-X general configurations, as a prior step for data focussing.
Bistatic SAR systems have spatially separated transmitter and receiver and offer improved flexibility and performance compared to monostatic SAR, at a higher operational cost. Due to the particularities (and symmetries) of the bistatic configurations, the implementation of precise processing algorithms remains one of the most challenging issues in bistatic SAR. Precise data focussing is an essential step without which no higher-level exploitation is possible. This work concentrates on the geometric analysis of the bistatic configuration and computes processing parameters to help in the classification and preparation of efficient processing strategies. Since the TanDEM-X acquisition data is not available in hand, bistatic acquisition and raw data are generated and analyzed with the developed geometrical module. The functionality and numerical simulation results of the geometrical module and processing parameters computations for different bistatic configurations are discussed.
Eric Schreiber "Status of VESAS - a passive real-time imaging system"
Dienstag, 16. Juni 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Present applications of microwave remote sensing systems are spread out widely. One topic for using the frequency range from 1 - 300 GHz is the domain of security and reconnaissance. Examples are, the observation of sensitive areas or the performance of personal security checks in order to find hidden weapons or explosives, both being an important mean in our world of a growing international terrorism. The imaging capability of hidden objects is one of the main advantages of microwave remote sensing, because of the given penetration of electromagnetic waves through dielectric materials in this frequency domain. The physical effect used in passive microwave sensing relies on the thermal radiation of objects above a temperature of 0 K. The intensity of this radiation depends on the surface characteristics, the chemical and physical composition, and the temperature of the material. So it is possible to discriminate objects having different material characteristics like ceramic weapons or plastic explosives with respect to the human body. Considering the use of a people scanning system in airports, railway stations, or stadiums, it is important that passive microwave imaging devices have no exposure on the scanned object, like active devices do. Especially for highly frequent passed security gateways it is important to have a high through-put rate in order to minimize the queue time. Consequently fast imaging systems are necessary. In the following the conceptual idea of a fully-electronic microwave imaging radiometer system is introduced. The scanning mechanism for the two dimensions is divided into a frequency scan in one dimension and aperture synthesis in the other. The goal here is to design a low cost, fully electronic scanning system with a frame rate around one second at Ka band. This frequency domain is chosen as a well balanced compromise between the achievable spatial resolution and the penetration depth of the electromagnetic wave, which are conflictive requirements.
Nicolas Gebert "Multi-Kanal Prozessierung in Azimut für High-Resolution Wide-Swath SAR"
Mittwoch, 03. Juni 2009
10:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Konventionelle“ SAR-Systeme mit nur einer einzelnen Sende- sowie Empfangsantenne sind nicht in der Lage, gleichzeitig eine hohe geometrische Auflösung und große Abdeckung zu gewährleisten. Diese inhärente Systembeschränkung kann durch Mehrkanal-Systeme überwunden werden, die es schließlich erlauben, einen breiten Streifen abzubilden und dabei gleichzeitig eine hohe geometrische Auflösung zu gewährleisten ("high-resolution wide-swath imaging").
In diesem Kontext wird ein innovativer Algorithmus analysiert, der geeignet ist, die von Multi-Azimut-Kanal-Systemen empfangenen Daten zu prozessieren. Die Anwendbarkeit und das Potential des Algorithmus wird anhand von gemessenen Flugzeug-SAR-Daten sowie simulierten SAR-Daten verifiziert. Die Simulationsergebnisse werden im Rahmen eines vollständigen Systementwurfs für ein "high-resolution wide-swath" SAR präsentiert, der den direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Systemarchitektur und Multi-Kanal-Prozessierung verdeutlicht wird. Abschließend werden verschiedene neue Methoden zur Systemoptimierung vorgestellt und ihr Potential zur Erhöhung der Flexibilität sowie zur Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit bewertet, sowie Systeme mit mehreren Empfangskanälen untersucht, die in einem sogenannten „burst“ Modus wie beispielsweise TOPS (Terrain Observation with Progressive Scan) oder ScanSAR betrieben werden.
Koichi Iribe "Estimation of the underlying topography"
Dienstag, 02. Juni 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Recently a technique to detect a quasi-point scatterer called Coherent Scatterer (CS) technique was developed and has shown its performance over urban area environment. Depending on employed polarization channel this technique enables the extraction of polarimetric based information from detected CSs. In this presentation, first result of CSs detection over forested terrain is demonstrated. Conventionally, scatterers with high sublook coherence, which is a correlation function between two sublooks of the original spectrum of the image, are associated as CSs. Associated number of CS and polarimetric property of such scatterers as a function of sublook coherence are also addressed. Multi-baseline PolInSAR P-& L-band data acquired by E-SAR airborne system with repeat-pass track are employed for the demonstration. As an application of CSs, the residual motion error (RME), which is the deviation in the order of centimeters remain between nominal and the processed reference track causing undesirable phase undulations in interferograms, is estimated and compensated. Evaluation of RME compensation is also shown by investigating generated DEM and estimated underground topography.
Professor M. Sato "Research Activities at the Center for Northeast Asian Studies"
Dienstag, 02. Juni 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Martin Mittelbach "Geoinformation und Datenschutz"
Dienstag, 26. Mai 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Seminarraum AD OP, Gebäude 124, 2. Etage
Paola Gallo "Fast time domain Back-Projection for processing of SAR data"
Dienstag, 5. Mai 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
The Direct-Back-Projection algorithm (DBP) uses the time domain convolution in order to perform SAR focusing. There are several advantages to carry out the processing with this approach. Firstly, any aperture size and transmitted bandwidth can be processed without impacting the final image quality.
Secondly, exact motion compensation in the airborne case is inherently considered when using the real trajectory of the platform. Finally, its general formulation allows one to apply it to any generic trajectory (e.g. circular). Despite these advantages, the main drawback related to this approach is the computational burden. To overcome this limitation other algorithms have been developed, namely the fast backprojection (FBP), and fast-factorized backprojection(FFBP). They increase the computational efficiency by partitioning the raw data and performing the back-projection of the small sub-apertures in a polar grid. As it will be shown, the sampling requirements in such a grid are much relaxed when compared to a cartesian grid. These two approaches have been implemented and analyzed during this work. A key point of both FBP and FFBP is the interpolation kernels used, so that the selection of an efficient kernel can help increasing the performance of the algorithms. A comparison between different approaches is also included in the work, with special emphasis on the non uniform FFT (NuFFT). Exemplary results with simulated point targets and with real data acquired with a circular configuration are shown to validate the proposed approaches.
Tony Milne "Intact Forests, Re-growth and Biomass Estimation in the Pan-Tropics using Synthetic Aperature Radar"
Dienstag, 5. Mai 2009
10:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
The forest-land use carbon source is still the major area of uncertainty in determining the global carbon budget. Methods to map forest and non-forest areas with precision using optical remote sensing in the tropical world is extremely difficult due to cloud cover. Time series satellite derived radar data provides the opportunity to map forest change and forest degradation in a consistent and quantifiable manner for input into forest carbon assessment models.
Vincenzo Severino "Constellation Analysis for SAR Tomography using SVD and Parametric Reconstruction of Vegetated Areas"
Donnerstag, 30. April 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
SAR tomography allows to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of an observed scene by building a synthetic aperture perpendicular to the flight direction. One possibility to face the retrieval of such information consists on inverting the tomographic problem by means of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
Concerning the design of the transmitting-receiving scheme, the choice of the number and the locations of the spatial acquisitions is of fundamental importance in order to retrieve the 3D structure. Formally, as long as a linear scattering model of the scenario is employed and the available a priori knowledge is exploited, the reconstruction by a SVD approach should follow a first design stage of the measurements to be performed having the aim of improving the ill-conditioning. This can be performed by optimizing the behaviour of the singular values as a function of the parameters defining the acquisition scheme.
The presentation will be mainly focused on the choice of the constellation by singular value optimization and the analysis of a robust parametric inversion scheme. The proposed approach has been tested with both simulated and real data acquired by the E-SAR system of the DLR over the area of Dornstetten, Germany in September 2006.
Ali Eren Culhaoglu "Focusing Capabilities of a Metamaterial Slab"
Dienstag, 28. April 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
Over the last several years there has been a surge of interest in artificial materials because of their potential to expand the range of electromagnetic properties in materials. The so called metamaterials, also known as left-handed (LHM) or double-negative (DNG) materials with negative permittivity and permeability have attracted growing interest. An important application area is the realization of flat superlenses with imaging properties beyond that of conventional lenses. In this presentation the focusing properties of a planar DNG slab with a negative relative permittivity and permeability will be investigated. The relation between the imaging quality and the material parameters of the slab will be emphasized.
Benjamin Bräutigam " Radar Instrument Calibration of TerraSAR-X"
Dienstag, 21. April 2009
14:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
The outstanding performance of TerraSAR-X image products is achieved by an innovative calibration approach that minimizes systematic antenna and instrument characteristics. The active phased array X-Band antenna is fed by 384 transmit/receive modules for electronic beam steering and shaping in azimuth and elevation direction. The flexible radar instrument hosts an internal calibration system which yields the high radiometric stability of the SAR system.
The presentation summarizes all essential calibration results of TerraSAR-X that cover internal instrument behaviour and transmit/receive module characteristics. Final results of the TerraSAR-X commissioning phase are shown and compared to on-going routine measurements of the internal calibration status. Additionally, an outlook on the internal calibration of TanDEM-X is given.
Eduard Makhoul "PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION ON ADAPTIVE SCAN-ON-RECEIVE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION WIDE-SWATH SAR"
Dienstag, 31. März 2009
11:00 Uhr s.t. Großer Besprechungsraum HR, Gebäude 102
Abstract:
This work investigates the possibility of applying direction of arrival (DOA) estimation methods to spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems for high-resolution wide-swath imaging, based on receive beam steering.
The conventional algorithm for receive beam steering, denoted as SCORE (Scan-On-Receive), shows a loss of performance in presence of topographic height. In fact, according to SCORE, the steering direction of the receive pattern corresponds to the expected DOA of the echo, which is computed under the hypothesis of a stringent spherical Earth model. In presence of topographic height, SCORE works under model mismatch and losses of several dB could be reached with respect to ideal operational conditions.
This work investigates the possibility of overcome SCORE loss of performance by using a data-dependent, adaptive, mechanism for receive beam steering. In particular, a new algorithm for receive beam pattern steering, based on the actual spatial distribution of received signal power, is proposed. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations and compared with that of the conventional, not adaptive, SCORE, in different operational scenarios versus the SAR system parameters. Moreover, based on Cramér Rao Lower Bound analysis, the optimal performance achievable by the adaptive approach has been evaluated and used as a benchmark on the performance of the proposed algorithm.
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