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Standard flames



 DLR dual swirl burner (gasfilm nozzle) for partially premixed gas turbine specific flames.
zum Bild DLR dual swirl burner (gasfilm nozzle) for partially premixed gas turbine specific flames.

“Standard flames” refer to flames that have been studied under very precisely defined conditions, for which there are extensive experimental data sets and which can be computed using numerical simulation programs. Such well-documented flames help enormously in improving our understanding of combustion processes and are indispensable for validating and improving numerical simulation models.

The DLR Institute of Combustion Technology has made some important contributions in this field. The data sets for most standard flames include flow velocities, temperatures, concentrations of the mnajor species and flame structures. In some cases, radical concentrations, NO emissions, soot concentrations and acoustic data are also included. Among the simplest configurations are flat laminar premix flames [1,2], also as sooting high-pressure flames [3]. Turbulent diffusion flames have been studied, both as unconfined jet flames [4,5] and as swirling flames [6]. Swirling flames typical of gas turbines have been measured in premixed and partially premixed configurations [7, 8]. These studies were in part carried out as part of national and international cooperation projects, such as TECFLAM, NACOS and PRECCINSTA. Some of the data sets are publicly accessible, e.g. via the TNF Workshop, or can be provided on request.

  1. "A Flat Flame Burner as Calibration Source for Combustion Research: Temperatures and Species Concentrations of Premixed H2/Air Flames"
    S. Prucker, W. Meier, W. Stricker
    Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 2908 (1994)
  2. "Documentation of Flat Premixed Laminar CH4/Air Standard Flames: Temperatures and Species Concentrations"
    P. Weigand, R. Lückerath, W. Meier
    http://www.dlr.de/VT/Datenarchiv
  3. "Laser-based investigation of soot formation in laminar premixed flames
    at atmospheric and elevated pressures"
    M. S. Tsurikov, K. P. Geigle, V. Krüger, Y. Schneider-Kühnle, W. Stricker, R. Lückerath, R. Hadef, M. Aigner
    Combust. Sci. Technol. 177, 1835-1862 (2005)
  4. "Characterization of Turbulent H2/N2/Air Jet Diffusion Flames by Single-Pulse Spontaneous Raman Scattering"
    W. Meier, S. Prucker, M.-H. Cao, W. Stricker
    Combust. Sci. Technol. 118, 293 (1996)
  5. "Raman/Rayleigh/LIF Measurements in a Turbulent CH4/H2/N2 Jet Diffusion Flame: Experimental Techniques and Turbulence-Chemistry-Interaction"
    W. Meier, R.S. Barlow, Y.-L. Chen, J.-Y. Chen
    Combust. Flame 123, 326 (2000)
  6. "Establishment of a Confined Swirling Natural Gas/Air Flame as a Standard Flame: Temperature and Species Distributions from Laser Raman Measurements"
    O. Keck, W. Meier, W. Stricker, M. Aigner
    Combust. Sci. Technol. 174, 117-151 (2002)
  7. "Investigations of Swirl Flames in a Gas Turbine Model Combustor. Part I: Flow Field, Structures, Temperatures and Species Distributions"
    P. Weigand, W. Meier, X.R. Duan, W. Stricker, M. Aigner
    Combust. Flame 144, 205-224 (2006)
  8. "Detailed characterization of the dynamics of thermoacoustic pulsations in a lean premixed swirl flame"
    W. Meier, P. Weigand, X.R. Duan, R. Giezendanner-Thoben
    Combust. Flame 150, 2-26 (2007)

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