During the approach, pilots need to configure the aircraft for landing (extending flaps, slats and landing gear) and reduce speed prior to touchdown. Flying an energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly approach profile is really challenging in this phase, and it is related to the skill of pilots to limit noise impact and fuel consumption, while also taking into account restrictions put in place by air traffic control, an estimated remaining distance-to-fly and finally, the weather predictions which are often unavailable on board. (...)
